Industrial context

History of magazines:

1731 - The Gentleman's Magazine was published, it was considered to be the first general-interest magazine

Early 19th Century - The Industrial Revolution changed magazine production, there were new innovations like printing presses and improved transport, which helped reduce printing costs and increase circulation

1830s - Rise of illustrated magazines like The Penny Magazine

1840s - Magazines became more central to public culture, there were improved literacy rates

Early 20th Century - Revenue began to come from advertising sales, consumer brands began using magazines to reach larger audiences, there were more fashion and lifestyle magazines

1920s - Magazines became more powerful

1950s - Rise in television, advertisers started focusing on broadcast media over print

1980s - Magazines expanded internationally, large focus on the Cold War

2000s - Digital magazines, news and blogs were more popular than print, publishers started to launch websites and subscriptions to become more digitally convergent

2010s - Decline in print circulation

2020s - Websites have introduced paywalls, memberships and newsletters, some print magazines like Vogue still have a large audience

Finance and distribution:

- Newspapers sell front pages and sections for advertisements, subscriptions and cover price allows for publishers to cover some costs

- They can be distributed online, in wholesalers and retail shops and can be directly sent to consumers if they pay for subscriptions